list of dictatorship countries

Adolf Hitler: 14 most cruel dictators Benito Mussolini: 14 most cruel dictators Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924): 14 most cruel dictators Joseph Stalin: 14 most cruel dictators Mao Zedong or Mao or Mao Tse Tung: 14 most cruel dictators Muammar Gaddafi: 14 most cruel dictators Idi Amin (1920-2003): 14 most cruel dictators [26] Ruling parties in one-party dictatorships are distinct from political parties that were created to serve a dictator in that the ruling party in a one-party dictatorship permeates every level of society. Venezuela has a presidential government. Freedom House, the Polity data series, and the Democracy-Dictatorship Index are three of the most used data series by political scientists. In fact, you may devise any chart you like concerning politics or anything else and label left and right however you choose. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. Personalistic dictatorships: 4. While the People's Republic of China was initially aligned with the Soviet Union, relations between the two countries deteriorated as the Soviet Union underwent de-Stalinization in the late-1950s. The phrase "fixed term" indicates the once the head of state is chosen, they serve a known and a limited number of years before another election is held, and they cannot be removed from the office in the meantime via a vote of no confidence. Albania - Communist Regime 3. and "Which country has a dictatorship as its form of leadership?" Hybrid dictatorships blend elements of the other four types. Teodoro Obiang Nguesma Mbasogo overthrew his uncle Macias in 1979 in a bloody coup. Francois Duvalier (1907 - 1971) The Haitian dictator, also known as Papa Doc, governed the Americas' poorest country from 1957 to he died in 1971. [8]:456. [64][65][66], Dictatorship developed as a major form of government in the 19th century, though the concept was not universally seen pejoratively at the time, with both a tyrannical concept and a quasi-constitutional concept of dictatorship understood to exist. [88] European fascism was imported to Latin America as well, and the Vargas Era of Brazil was heavily influenced by the corporatism practiced in fascist Italy. The predominance of violent force in military training manifests in an acceptance of violence as a political tool and the ability to organize violence on a large scale. Like right-wing, it is not a copyrighted term. [56] Caesar subverted the tradition of temporary dictatorships when he was made dictator perpetuo, or a dictator for life, which led to the creation of the Roman Empire. He became the 22nd president of Liberia on August 2, 1997 and served until August 11, 2003. After the recent death of Idriss Deby in April 2021, his son Mahamat Deby took over. Even in today's modern world, where freedom is prized and respected, you will still find examples of dictatorship governments around the globe. [145] Dictatorships may hold semi-competitive elections to qualify for foreign aid, to demonstrate a dictator's control over the government, or to incentivize the party to expand its information-gathering capacity, particularly at the local level. During the first half of the 20th century, dictatorships took control of a number of technologically advanced countries. [126] Four strategies of political control commonly employed by dictatorships are repression, indoctrination, coercive distribution, and infiltration. Marxist one-party states are sometimes distinguished from other one-party states, but they function similarly. Examples include the Personalist/Military dictatorship of Pakistan from 1977 to 1988 and the Single-Party/Military hybrid that controlled El Salvador from 1948 to 1984. Like the two individuals above, Imelda Marcos gained her power through being the wife of a military dictator. Several dictatorships have persisted into the 21st century, particularly in Africa and Asia. Personalist dictators may be members of the military or leaders of a political party, but neither the military nor the party exercises power independently from the dictator. During his reign of terror, about 30,000 Haitians are estimated to have been assassinated, while thousands - mostly intelligence fled the country. [101] Albania was established as a communist dictatorship under Enver Hoxha in 1944. Rodrigo Duterte (Philippines) Rodrigo Roa Duterte is the legally, directly-elected President of the Philippines and leading member of the PDP-Laban party. Given the degree of censorship and control China's government leverages over its citizens, most political experts would call it a dictatorship. The economic focus of a dictatorship often depends on the strength of the opposition, as a weaker opposition allows a dictator to extract additional wealth from the economy through corruption.[125]. [40] Personalist dictatorships often collapse with the death of the dictator. In personalist dictatorships, the elite corps are usually made up of close friends or family members of the dictator, who typically handpicks these individuals to serve their posts. These nationalist movements supported non-alignment, keeping most Middle Eastern dictatorships out of the American and Soviet spheres of influence. A political rival accused Obiang of cannibalism in 2004, but no evidence to support the claim has ever surfaced. But by 1995, all the countries in the region, with the notable . [32], One-party dictatorships became prominent in Asia and Eastern Europe during the Cold War as communist governments were installed in several countries. If it is not responsible, it is a presidential democracy. [8]:456, The second distinction made is whether the head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term. They may be military officers, party members, or friends and family of the dictator. [11], A dictatorship is formed when a specific group seizes power, with the composition of this group affecting how power is seized and how the eventual dictatorship will rule. This is a list of famous examples of fascism across history. [143], In the 20th century, most dictatorships held elections in which voters could only choose to support the dictatorship, with only one-quarter of partisan dictatorships permitting opposition candidates to participate. They are in civil war, but the dictator is. [124], The type of economy in a dictatorship can affect how it functions. Coercive distribution comprises of distributing welfare and state resources to control citizens and elites. Parliamentary democracy is the same as semi-presidential but has heads of state which are not popularly elected for a fixed term, typically either monarchs or officials not chosen by popular elections. He was also ranked 19th in Parade Magazine's Top 20 list of "The World's Worst Dictators". in Turkey, Kamal Pasha, established his dictatorship in 1921 and he remained in power till his death in 1938. Many of these governments fell under the control of caudillos, or personalist dictators. Repression can encompass actual or threatened physical violence such as arrests, assassinations, torture, beatings, disappearances, mass killings, and forced exile. After authoritarian monarchies, these tend to be the longest-lasting dictatorships, as they can more easily install a new dictator if the existing one leaves office (rare) or dies. [126]This tactic involves policies on land reform, poverty alleviation, public health, housing, education, and employment programs that force citizens to be dependent on the state for relatively adequate living standards. Changing Human Nature Needs a "Dictatorship of the Proletariat" . United Arab Emirates 2.69/10. The military takes control of the country (usually through a direct coup), installs the dictator of its choosing (typically the highest-ranking military officer), and uses force of arms to preserve its power. Olessia Kirtchik, Mariana Heredia, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015. It has a population of approximately 31 million people, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. Infiltration involves disseminating individuals loyal to the dictatorship and its ideals across civil society and local community elites. Just like a dictatorship, an autocracy is a government headed by a single ruler (the autocrat) whose decisions are not subject to legal restraints and who exercises unlimited and undisputed power. [49] In an absolute monarchy, power is limited to the royal family, and legitimacy is established by historical factors. Some of the most famous dictators in history include Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, and Saddam Hussein. Answer (1 of 9): Depends on what you mean by left-wing. He responded by ordering the confiscation of food, impossible farming yield quotas, banning private farming for substenance, and introducing internal passports and residency permits, which prevented villagers from seeking food elsewhere. Korea experienced military dictatorships under the rule of Yeon Gaesomun in the 7th century[58] and under the rule of the Goryeo military regime in the 12th and 13th centuries. Nazi and fascist regimes in Europe, Communist single-party states, military juntas in Latin America and . Some countries, such as Sweden, instead charge another person entirely with choosing the head of government, such as the presiding officer of the legislative assembly. [142] Dictatorships may influence the results of an election through electoral fraud, intimidation or bribing of candidates and voters, use of state resources such as media control, manipulation of electoral laws, restricting who may run as a candidate, or disenfranchising demographics that may oppose the dictatorship. [149] Military and one-party dictatorships are more likely to experience terrorism than personalist dictatorships, as these regimes are under more pressure to undergo institutional change in response to terrorism.[150]. [81] These reforms incorporated totalitarianism, fealty to the state, expansionism, corporatism, and anti-communism. However, a political rights score of 6 or 7 corresponds most closely with our definition of dictatorship, based on Freedom House's characterization: 6 Countries and territories with a rating of 6 have very restricted political rights. [1]:71. For example, DD could classify a country which has a legislative assembly whose official name is "the parliament" but still classify it in any of the three categories. [146], In a dictatorship, violence is used to coerce or repress all opposition to the dictator's rule, and the strength of a dictatorship depends on its use of violence. [126] Some of the most ruthless examples of repression in recent history were repression by hunger. He all but eradicated corruption. The rights of the people are typically suppressed in a dictatorship, sometimes to a great degree. But to understand the dictatorship in Cuba . The Soviet economy became unsustainable, and communist governments lost the support of intellectuals. The number of countries ruled by military dictatorships began to fall sharply after the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s. Adolf Hitler known for his Nazi party and the barbarities and fierceness during his autocracy rule. Personalist regimes diverge from other regimes when it comes to their longevity, methods of breakdown, levels of corruption, and proneness to conflicts. [136], Dictatorships are typically more aggressive than democracy when in conflict with other nations, as dictators do not have to fear electoral costs of war. [9], Gugiu & Centellas developed the Democracy Cluster Classification Index that integrates five democracy indicators (including the DD dataset, Polity dataset), clustering 24 American and 39 European regimes over 30 years.[2]. While autocratic countries are not always malevolent, they often still encounter resistance from citizens who would prefer to have a greater say in the government's policy-making process. [27] One-party rule also developed in several countries in Africa during decolonization in the 1960s and 1970s, some of which produced authoritarian regimes. Mussolini abolished democracy in Italy in 1922 and became a dictator. There are currently 22 dictators in Africa, some worse than others. Equatorial Guinea. [87], The decolonisation of Africa prompted the creation of new governments, many of which became dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s. Between the 1990s and the 2000s, most dictators moved away from being "larger-than-life figures" that controlled the populace through terror and isolated themselves from the global community. Imelda Marcos. [128]. Power is enforced through a steadfast collaboration between the government and a highly developed ideology. [4] A unified inner circle has the capacity to overthrow a dictator, and the dictator must make greater concessions to the inner circle to stay in power. Economies based on natural resources allow dictators more power, as they can easily extract rents without strengthening or cooperating with other institutions. [17] Between 1946 and 2010, 42% of dictatorships began by overthrowing a different dictatorship, and 26% began after achieving independence from a foreign government. Dictatorships frequently hold elections in order to establish their legitimacy or provide incentives to members of the ruling party, but these elections are not competitive for the opposition. Many personalist regimes will install open ballots to protect their regimes and implement heavy security measures and censorship for those whose personal preferences do not align with the values of the leader. [73], Dictatorships in Latin America persisted into the 20th century, and further military coups established new regimes, often in the name of nationalism. [25], One-party dictatorships are governments in which a single political party dominates politics. [18], A classification of dictatorships, which began with political scientist Barbara Geddes in 1999, focuses on where power lies. Keep note that the head of state, chief executive, government, and legislatures can have their official names be seemingly contradictory to this classification. The list of Dictatorship countries in Africa includes Nigeria and Zaire. The Portuguese were present in some mostly coastal points of the territory of what is now Angola from the 16th century, interacting in diverse ways with the peoples who lived there. Kim Jong-Il (1.6 million deaths) Kim Jong-il in 2010. This is often done via questionable means, including intimidation, imprisonment (lawful or not), physical violence, or even assassination. [126] In particular, censorship by dictatorships helps solidify claims of legitimacy and marginalize the voices of opposition critics. Imelda Marcos was the wife of Ferdinand Marcos, who ruled over the . [98], During World War II, many countries of Central and Eastern Europe had been occupied by the Soviet Union. In the last six years alone, at least 26 African countries have experienced transfers of power. Interestingly, most modern dictatorships do not use the term "dictator" to. Rwanda - 1994 to present - Paul Kagame. Some of the principal drivers of indoctrination are mass education policies, propaganda, and censorship. Whether or not Putin is a dictator is a matter of some debate. [5] This is particularly true when the inner circle is made up of military officers that have the resources to carry out a military coup. Latin America's new generation of dictators. Parties formed after the seizure of power often have little influence and only exist to serve the dictator. However, many people in long-running dictatorships such as North Korea and Cameroon have never experienced anything else, so living in a dictatorship is much less jarring and shocking to them. Cuba - Dictatorship 5. The DD index first classifies the regimes into two types: democracies and dictatorships. A dictatorship is a form of government which is characterized by a leader, or a group of leaders, which holds governmental powers with few to no limitations on them. A dictatorship is an authoritarian structure of government. In the former, for example, the President must appoint as Prime Minister the leader of the largest party in parliament, who has three days to gain the confidence of a majority thereof. 10. [51] In the modern era, absolute monarchies are most common in the Middle East. REUTERS/Myo Kyaw Soe. 1. It is the seventh largest country in Africa, and is bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean and Luanda is its capital city. In fact, most dictators adopt common appellations such as "President" or "Prime Minister", so they must be identified via their actions and policies rather than their title. This may sound like a contradiction of terms to many people. A dictator has the ability to make decisions that will have an impact on the people in many ways, and the worse part is, the people do not consent to being ruled. Politics in a dictatorship are controlled by the dictator and facilitated through an inner circle of elites that include advisers, generals, and other high-ranking officials. Those against dictatorship say personal rights are severely restricted, the system is generally based on force and violence, and it demands complete obedience. [60] During the L dynasty of Vietnam between the 16th and 18th centuries, the country was under de facto military rule by two rival military families: the Trnh lords in the north and the Nguyn lords in the south. Though the most recent data set is only updated for 2008, there is planning by Cheibub to update it to the . [111][112][113] Latin America saw a period of liberalization similar to that of Europe at the end of the Cold War, with Cuba being the only Latin American country that did not experience any degree of liberalization between 1992 and 2010. Modern dictatorships first developed in the 19th century, which included Bonapartism in Europe and caudillos in Latin America. [73] During World War II, Italy and Germany occupied several countries in Europe, imposing fascist puppet states upon many of the countries that they invaded. A semi-presidential (mixed) democracy has a government that needs the majority of support from a legislature to exist and whose head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term. They are more likely to end in violence and less likely to democratize than other forms of dictatorship. In their book "Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders", authors Natasha M. Ezrow and Erica Frantz lay out five types of dictatorships: Power is obtained and maintained through military might. A presidential democracy has a government that does not need the majority support of a legislature to stay in power. China's constitution calls its government a "people's democratic dictatorship." Here are fifteen of the worst dictators from the 20 th century and what makes them stand out for censure. Dictatorships have shallow levels of freedom. His wealth is estimated to be approximately $600 million. He assumed office in August 1979 and has remained in power since then. In the past, they wore olive-green uniforms and used military might to gain power. Dictators typically retain their power by silencing any opposition to their rulings and guidelines. A dictator that has concentrated significant power is more likely to be exiled, imprisoned, or killed after ouster, and accordingly they are more likely to refuse negotiation and cling to power. Under this system, there are three types of dictatorships. Is North Korea a dictatorship? These movements were a response to what they perceived as decadence and societal decay due to the changing social norms and race relations brought about by liberalism. But this is not the first time Myanmar is having the bitter taste of autocracy, in fact, their governance turned . Dictatorship Countries And Their Leaders | Countries Ruled by Dictators | 2019 Rankings On Time 1.62K subscribers 95K views 3 years ago Dictatorship Countries And Their Leaders | Countries Ruled. [35][36] These dictatorships often emerge either from loosely organized seizures of power, giving the leader opportunity to consolidate power, or from democratically elected leaders in countries with weak institutions, giving the leader opportunity to change the constitution. Single-party dictatorships: 5. 5. Despite repeated promises to leave office in 2024 (when his term limit is reached), Putin spearheaded a 2020 constitutional amendment enabling him to remain in power until 2036. Uganda - 1971 to 1979 - Idi Amin Dada. [20][21] They are most common in developing nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. [24], Military dictatorships often have traits in common due to the shared background of military dictators. [67] In Europe it was often thought of in terms of Bonapartism and Caesarism, with the former describing the military rule of Napoleon and the latter describing the imperial rule of Napoleon III in the vein of Julius Caesar. In some cases, nations may have multiple ruling bodies or government types, meaning they're not exclusively countries that are governed by dictatorships. With a total area of 2,381,741 square kilometres, 90% of which is desert, Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world, and the largest in Arab world and Africa and on the Mediterranean. Typically, dictators rise to power when a nation faces significant social issues, such as strong economic crises or unrest among the nation's people. They are often unstable, and the average duration of a military dictatorship is only five years, but they are often followed by additional military coups and military dictatorships. "Tyrants, the World's 20 Worst Living Dictators", by David Wallechinsky, ranked Biya together with three others mainly in sub-Saharan Africa: Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea, and King Mswati of Swaziland. [33] A ruling party in a one-party dictatorship may rule under any ideology or it may have no guiding ideology. For democracies, it categorizes them into three types: parliamentary, semi-presidential and presidential democracies. Dictatorships have arisen throughout history, usually in times of crisis. This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 02:19. [61] In Europe, the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell, formed in 1649 after the Second English Civil War, has been described as a military dictatorship by its contemporary opponents and by some modern academics. [133] A dictator may negotiate the end of a regime if it has lost legitimacy or if a violent removal seems likely. The totalitarian dictatorship of Adolf Hitler in Germany , from 1933 to 1945. Adolf Hitler - 1889-1945. The name a democracy gives itself or its office does not indicate what type of democracy it is. Photo: Lars Klove. Dominant-party dictatorships or electoral authoritarian dictatorships are one-party dictatorships in which opposition parties are nominally legal but cannot meaningfully influence government. Totalitarianism is a form of autocracy in which the state has total control over its citizens. Some of the most famous dictators in history include, of course, Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Nazi Germany from 1933-1945, Benito Mussolini, ruler of fascist Italy from 1922-1945, and Joseph Stalin,. The head of state may be unelected and still be classified as a democracy. The Freedom in the World report evaluates the state of freedom in 195 countries and 14 territories, assigning a score between 0 and 4 in a series of 25 indicators to give a final score of 100. Dictators are incentivized to avoid the use of violence once a reputation of violence is established, as it damages the dictatorship's other institutions and poses a threat to the dictator's rule should government forces become disloyal.

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